Supernova ejecta dust masses

This is a compilation of literature values for dust mass determinations in the ejecta of 38 individual core-collapse supernovae. The list is not yet complete but is intended to be all-inclusive, so if different authors infer different dust masses from the same data, multiple points will appear on the plot at the relevant epoch. Information about each value can be seen by hovering over points in the plot, and hovering will also indicate other data points for the same object from the same paper if there are any.

Filters: SED emission line profiles emission line fluxes

Observed evolution: Median mass in order-of-magnitude epoch bins Broken power-law (Gall et al. 2014) Sigmoid function (Wesson et al. 2015) Power law function (Bevan et al. 2019)

Theoretical evolution: 15M_☉ progenitor (Sarangi & Cherchneff 2015) 19M_☉ progenitor (Sarangi & Cherchneff 2015) 14.5M_☉ progenitor (Sluder et al. 2018)

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	Supernova	Epoch	Dust mass (M_☉)	Lower limit	Upper limit	Technique	Comments	Reference
1	ASASSN-14jb	330 d	0.0001	-	-	SED		2019A%26A...629A..57M
2	Cas A	330 y	0.5	0.4	0.6	SED		2017MNRAS.465.3309D
3	Cas A	330 y	0.99	0.9	1.02	Emission line fluxes		2021arXiv210312705N
4	Cas A	330 y	1.1	-	-	Emission line profiles		2017MNRAS.465.4044B
5	Crab	1070 y	0.24	0.16	0.56	SED	Assuming silicate dust	2012ApJ...760...96G
6	Crab	1070 y	0.11	0.1	0.12	SED	Assuming carbon dust	2012ApJ...760...96G
7	Crab	1070 y	0.55	0.5	0.6	SED	assuming mixed carbon/silicate dust	2015ApJ...801..141O
8	Crab	1070 y	0.22	0.18	0.27	SED	assuming carbon dust	2015ApJ...801..141O
9	Crab	1070 y	-	0.019	0.13	SED		2013ApJ...774....8T
10	E0102	2000 y	0.014	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...700..579R
11	G21.5-09	870 y	0.29	0.21	0.37	SED	Remnant age from 2008MNRAS.386.1411B	2019MNRAS.483...70C
12	G29.7-03 (Kes 75)	480 y	0.51	0.38	0.64	SED	Remnant age from 2018ApJ...856..133R	2019MNRAS.483...70C
13	G29.7-03 (Kes 75)	480 y	-	0.013	-	SED		2012ApJ...745...46T
14	G54.1+0.3	2100 y	0.3	-	-	SED	Remnant age from 2010A%26A...520A..71B (they give a range of 1800-2400 years)	2017ApJ...836..129T
15	G54.1+0.3	1500 y	0.49	0.08	0.9	SED	Remnant age from 2010A%26A...520A..71B (they give a range of 1800-2400 years)	2018MNRAS.479.5101R
16	G320.4-1.2	1700 y	0.009	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210807461M
17	N49	4800 y	0.1	-	-	SED	Remnant age from 2012ApJ...748..117P; dust mass assumes carbon grains	2010A%26A...518L.139O
18	N49	4800 y	0.4	-	-	SED	Remnant age from 2012ApJ...748..117P; dust mass assumes silicate grains	2010A%26A...518L.139O
19	N132D	2500 y	0.013	-	-	SED	Remnant age from finkelstein 2006	2008PASJ...60S.453S
20	RCW103	2000 y	0.18	-	-	SED	Remnant age from 1997PASP..109..990C	2011AJ....142...47P
21	RCW103	2000 y	1.1	-	-	SED	Remnant age from 1997PASP..109..990C	2011ApJ...742....7A
22	SN1980K	30 y	0.21	0.12	0.3	Emission line profiles		2017MNRAS.465.4044B
23	SN1987A	615 d	0.0002	-	-	SED		2007MNRAS.375..753E
24	SN1987A	775 d	0.0042	-	-	SED		2007MNRAS.375..753E
25	SN1987A	615 d	0.001	0.0008	0.0012	SED		2015MNRAS.446.2089W
26	SN1987A	615 d	0.45	-	-	SED		2015ApJ...810...75D
27	SN1987A	775 d	0.45	-	-	SED		2015ApJ...810...75D
28	SN1987A	714 d	0.0002	-	-	Emission line profiles	from [OI] 6300,6363	2016MNRAS.456.1269B
29	SN1987A	714 d	5.5E-5	-	-	Emission line profiles	from Hα	2016MNRAS.456.1269B
30	SN1987A	775 d	0.002	0.0018	0.0022	SED		2015MNRAS.446.2089W
31	SN1987A	806 d	0.0004	-	-	Emission line profiles	from [OI] 6300,6363	2016MNRAS.456.1269B
32	SN1987A	806 d	9.0E-5	-	-	Emission line profiles	from Hα	2016MNRAS.456.1269B
33	SN1987A	1054 d	0.00075	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
34	SN1987A	1153 d	0.003	0.002	0.004	SED		2015MNRAS.446.2089W
35	SN1987A	1478 d	0.0011	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
36	SN1987A	1862 d	0.0012	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
37	SN1987A	2211 d	0.003	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
38	SN1987A	2875 d	0.008	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
39	SN1987A	3500 d	0.0135	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
40	SN1987A	3604 d	0.017	-	-	Emission line profiles		2016MNRAS.456.1269B
41	SN1987A	8515 d	-	0.4	0.7	SED		2011Sci...333.1258M
42	SN1987A	8515 d	0.6	0.4	0.8	SED		2015MNRAS.446.2089W
43	SN1987A	25 y	-	0.2	-	SED		2014ApJ...782L...2I
44	SN1987A	9200 d	0.8	0.6	1	SED		2015MNRAS.446.2089W
45	SN1987A	9200 d	0.6	0.4	0.8	SED		2015ApJ...800...50M
46	SN1993J	16 y	0.12	0.08	0.15	Emission line profiles		2017MNRAS.465.4044B
47	SN1995N	534 d	-	-	4.0E-5	Emission line profiles	assuming amorphous carbon dust	2023MNRAS.525.4928W
48	SN1995N	827 d	6.0E-5	-	-	Emission line profiles	assuming amorphous carbon dust	2023MNRAS.525.4928W
49	SN1995N	1589 d	0.0002	-	-	Emission line profiles		2023MNRAS.525.4928W
50	SN1995N	5366 d	0.4	-	-	SED	Amorphous carbon	2023MNRAS.525.4928W
51	SN1995N	5648 d	-	0.1	-	Emission line profiles		2023MNRAS.525.4928W
52	SN1995N	7858 d	-	0.1	-	Emission line profiles		2023MNRAS.525.4928W
53	SN1998S	346 d	-	0.001	-	SED		2004MNRAS.352..457P
54	SN1999em	510 d	-	0.0001	-	Emission line profiles		2003MNRAS.338..939E
55	SN2003gd	499 d	0.0002	-	-	SED	Assuming smooth dust distribution	2006Sci...313..196S
56	SN2003gd	499 d	0.0017	-	-	SED	Assuming clumpy dust distribution	2006Sci...313..196S
57	SN2003gd	499 d	4.0E-5	-	-	SED		2007ApJ...665..608M
58	SN2003gd	678 d	0.0027	-	-	SED	Assuming smooth dust distribution	2006Sci...313..196S
59	SN2003gd	678 d	0.02	-	-	SED	Assuming clumpy dust distribution	2006Sci...313..196S
60	SN2004dj	271 d	2.0E-5	-	-	SED	mass assumes 0.05um grains. lower limit assumes MRN, upper limit assumes 0.1um grains	2011A%26A...527A..61S
61	SN2004dj	866 d	0.00026	0.0002	0.00032	SED	mass assumes 0.05um grains. lower limit assumes MRN, upper limit assumes 0.1um grains	2011A%26A...527A..61S
62	SN2004dj	1011 d	0.00062	0.00048	0.00076	SED	mass assumes 0.05um grains. lower limit assumes MRN, upper limit assumes 0.1um grains	2011A%26A...527A..61S
63	SN2004dj	1241 d	0.00036	0.00026	0.00042	SED	mass assumes 0.05um grains. lower limit assumes MRN, upper limit assumes 0.1um grains	2011A%26A...527A..61S
64	SN2004et	300 d	4.0E-5	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
65	SN2004et	360 d	6.1E-5	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
66	SN2004et	406 d	6.1E-5	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
67	SN2004et	464 d	6.9E-5	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
68	SN2004et	690 d	9.9E-5	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
69	SN2004et	736 d	0.00011	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
70	SN2004et	795 d	0.00014	-	-	SED		2009ApJ...704..306K
71	SN2004et	300 d	3.8E-5	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
72	SN2004et	360 d	5.6E-5	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
73	SN2004et	406 d	6.5E-5	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
74	SN2004et	464 d	0.000111	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
75	SN2004et	690 d	0.000439	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
76	SN2004et	300 d	7.6E-5	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
77	SN2004et	360 d	0.0001	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
78	SN2004et	406 d	0.000224	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
79	SN2004et	464 d	0.0005	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
80	SN2004et	690 d	0.0015	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2011MNRAS.418.1285F
81	SN2004et	6567 d	-	0.033	-	SED	Assuming carbon dust	2023arXiv230110778S
82	SN2004et	6567 d	-	0.014	-	SED	Assuming silicate dust	2023arXiv230110778S
83	SN2005ad	194 d	1.0E-5	-	-	SED	analytical calculation	2013A%26A...549A..79S
84	SN2005ad	364 d	4.0E-6	-	-	SED	analytical calculation	2013A%26A...549A..79S
85	SN2005af	194 d	0.00042	-	-	SED	Analytical pure amorphous carbon model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
86	SN2005af	399 d	0.00016	-	-	SED	Analytical pure amorphous carbon model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
87	SN2005af	576 d	0.00026	-	-	SED	Analytical pure amorphous carbon model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
88	SN2005af	576 d	0.00018	-	-	SED	pure amorphous carbon MOCASSIN model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
89	SN2005af	576 d	0.00011	-	-	SED	65% silicates, 35% amorphous carbon MOCASSIN model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
90	SN2005af	772 d	7.0E-5	-	-	SED	Analytical pure amorphous carbon model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
91	SN2005af	940 d	0.00045	-	-	SED	Analytical pure amorphous carbon model	2013A%26A...549A..79S
92	SN2005ip	48 d	1.585E-8	1.0E-9	1.175E-7	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
93	SN2005ip	58 d	4.5E-5	2.0E-5	5.3E-5	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
94	SN2005ip	72 d	2.884E-7	2.291E-9	8.318E-7	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
95	SN2005ip	99 d	6.2E-5	2.6E-5	7.1E-5	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
96	SN2005ip	120 d	3.09E-6	1.259E-6	3.162E-5	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
97	SN2005ip	169 d	7.413E-6	3.09E-6	6.918E-5	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
98	SN2005ip	211 d	8.3E-5	3.2E-5	9.3E-5	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
99	SN2005ip	413 d	7.244E-6	1.0E-6	2.951E-5	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
100	SN2005ip	722 d	0.000188	7.2E-5	0.000209	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
101	SN2005ip	905 d	0.001905	8.128E-5	0.02455	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
102	SN2005ip	940 d	0.0005	-	-	SED		2010ApJ...725.1768F
103	SN2005ip	1565 d	0.000541	0.000205	0.0006	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
104	SN2005ip	2242 d	0.0871	0.02188	1.585	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
105	SN2005ip	3099 d	0.07762	0.009333	1.585	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
106	SN2005ip	4075 d	0.06918	0.006761	1.585	Emission line profiles		2019MNRAS.485.5192B
107	SN2006bc	550 d	0.002	-	-	SED	Smooth models give 4e-4Mo	2012ApJ...753..109G
108	SN2006jc	200 d	6.9E-5	6.4E-5	7.4E-5	SED	2.7+0.7-0.5e-3Mo of pre-existing dust also inferred	2009ApJ...692..546S
109	SN2006jd	9 d	0.000288	0.000102	0.000332	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
110	SN2006jd	51 d	0.000166	7.2E-5	0.000204	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
111	SN2006jd	99 d	0.00016	6.7E-5	0.000193	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
112	SN2006jd	204 d	0.00024	8.0E-5	0.000271	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
113	SN2006jd	753 d	0.000872	0.000286	0.000984	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
114	SN2006jd	1638 d	0.000462	0.000144	0.000514	SED	Mass assumes 0.1um grains, lower and upper limits assume 1.0um and 0.01um grains respectively	2012ApJ...756..173S
115	SN2007it	944 d	0.0001	-	-	SED	clumpy model. earlier epochs are assumed to have significant CSM contribution	2011ApJ...731...47A
116	SN2007it	944 d	4.6E-5	-	-	SED	smooth model. earlier epochs are assumed to have significant CSM contribution	2011ApJ...731...47A
117	SN2007od	300 d	0.00017	-	-	SED	smooth model	2010ApJ...715..541A
118	SN2007od	300 d	0.00025	-	-	SED	clumpy model	2010ApJ...715..541A
119	SN2007od	455 d	0.00019	-	-	SED	smooth model	2010ApJ...715..541A
120	SN2007od	455 d	0.00042	-	-	SED	clumpy model	2010ApJ...715..541A
121	SN2007od	667 d	0.00018	-	-	SED	smooth model	2010ApJ...715..541A
122	SN2007od	667 d	0.00042	-	-	SED	clumpy model	2010ApJ...715..541A
123	SN2010jl	87 d	0.00044	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
124	SN2010jl	254 d	0.0049	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
125	SN2010jl	254 d	0.0013	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
126	SN2010jl	464 d	0.0007	-	-	SED		2020ApJ...894..111B
127	SN2010jl	465 d	0.0047	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
128	SN2010jl	465 d	0.00088	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
129	SN2010jl	526 d	0.00025	-	-	Emission line profiles		2020ApJ...894..111B
130	SN2010jl	526 d	0.0007	-	-	SED		2020ApJ...894..111B
131	SN2010jl	550 d	0.0008	0.00075	0.00085	SED		2013ApJ...776....5M
132	SN2010jl	621 d	0.0065	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
133	SN2010jl	621 d	0.0014	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
134	SN2010jl	844 d	0.0095	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
135	SN2010jl	844 d	0.0022	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
136	SN2010jl	87 d	0.0018	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2018ApJ...859...66S
137	SN2010jl	915 d	0.002	-	-	Emission line profiles		2020ApJ...894..111B
138	SN2010jl	996 d	0.003	-	-	SED		2020ApJ...894..111B
139	SN2010jl	1286 d	0.005	-	-	Emission line profiles		2020ApJ...894..111B
140	SN2010jl	1367 d	0.01	-	-	SED		2020ApJ...894..111B
141	SN2011ja	105 d	1.9E-5	-	-	SED	Clumpy model. Table 5 in the paper says 1.9e-4, text makes clear this is a typo.	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
142	SN2011ja	486 d	6.4E-5	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
143	SN2011ja	637 d	3.8E-5	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
144	SN2011ja	857 d	0.00064	-	-	SED	Clumpy model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
145	SN2011ja	105 d	1.1E-5	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
146	SN2011ja	486 d	3.7E-5	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
147	SN2011ja	637 d	2.7E-5	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
148	SN2011ja	857 d	0.00045	-	-	SED	Smooth model	2016MNRAS.457.3241A
149	SN2014C	1624 d	4.0E-6	2.0E-6	8.0E-6	SED	hot component	2019ApJ...887...75T
150	SN2014C	1624 d	0.0052	0.0046	0.0059	SED	warm component	2019ApJ...887...75T
151	SN2014dt	320 d	1.0E-5	-	-	SED	Type Iax supernova	2016ApJ...816L..13F
152	SN2017eaw	197 d	7.0E-6	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2019ApJ...873..127T
153	SN2017eaw	197 d	0.0001	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2019ApJ...873..127T
154	SN2017eaw	295 d	1.0E-5	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2019ApJ...873..127T
155	SN2017eaw	295 d	0.0001	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2019ApJ...873..127T
156	SN2017eaw	498 d	1.0E-5	-	-	SED	assuming carbon dust	2019ApJ...873..127T
157	SN2017eaw	498 d	0.0003	-	-	SED	assuming silicate dust	2019ApJ...873..127T
158	SN2017eaw	1954 d	-	0.0004	-	SED	Assuming silicate dust	2023arXiv230110778S
159	SN2018bsz	230 d	0.0005	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210907942C
160	SN2018bsz	265 d	0.001	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210907942C
161	SN2018bsz	300 d	0.001	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210907942C
162	SN2018bsz	380 d	0.005	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210907942C
163	SN2018bsz	420 d	0.005	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210907942C
164	SN2018bsz	535 d	0.01	-	-	SED		2021arXiv210907942C
165	SN2018hfm	66.7 d	1.0E-6	-	-	Emission line profiles		2022MNRAS.509.2013Z
166	SN2018hfm	97.2 d	5.0E-6	-	-	Emission line profiles		2022MNRAS.509.2013Z
167	SN2018hfm	182.3 d	2.8E-5	-	-	Emission line profiles		2022MNRAS.509.2013Z
168	SN2018hfm	389.4 d	0.0001	-	-	Emission line profiles		2022MNRAS.509.2013Z
169	SN2020oi	63 d	1.0E-5	-	-	SED	could be echo	2021ApJ...908..232R
170	SN2021krf	68 d	-	2.0E-5	-	SED		2022arXiv221100205R
171	SNR 0540-69.3	950 y	-	0.001	0.003	SED	Remnant age from 1985ApJ...291..152R (they give 800-1100 yrs)	2008ApJ...687.1054W
172	SNR 0540-69.3	950 y	0.0025	-	-	SED	Remnant age from 1985ApJ...291..152R (they give 800-1100 yrs)	2020MNRAS.496.1834L

Median values in epoch decades

Epoch range (days)			Median dust mass (M_☉)
1	-	10	0.000288
10	-	100	4.5E-5
100	-	1,000	0.000195
1,000	-	10,000	0.0066
10,000	-	100,000	0.21
100,000	-	1,000,000	0.24
1,000,000	-	10,000,000	0.25

{"-234.53224649466":243.68272993604768,"-21.719651590409":290.0203982796588,"191.09294331384":253.41709367751915,"403.9055382181":165.5038508788336,"616.71813312235":79.13297257697491,"829.53072802661":75.79970743473507,"1042.3433229309":74.78069214030398}

Epoch of first quantified dust mass

This table lists the epochs at which dust was first inferred to be present in each supernova's ejecta.

Supernova	Dust first inferred (days)
SN2006jd	9
SN2005ip	48
SN2020oi	63
SN2018hfm	66.7
SN2021krf	68
SN2010jl	87
SN2011ja	105
SN2005ad	194
SN2005af	194
SN2017eaw	197
SN2006jc	200
SN2018bsz	230
SN2004dj	271
SN2004et	300
SN2007od	300
SN2014dt	320
ASASSN-14jb	330
SN1998S	346
SN2003gd	499
SN1999em	510
SN2006bc	550
SN1987A	615
SN1995N	827
SN2007it	944
SN2014C	1624

median epoch = 271